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Chordophone African Instruments: Chordophonic musical instruments are the those African musical instruments that produce sound from vibration of stretched strings between fixed points. TYPES OF CHORDOPHONIC INSTRUMENTS 1. Zither 2. Lute 3. Lyre 4. Harp 5. How 6. Molo 7. Kora AEROPHONES What Are Aerophone African Instruments Aerophone African Instruments are those class of instruments that produce sound when air is blown into them. They are found in many countries throughout Africa and are normally incorporated with dancing, the musicians having to synchronize their footwork along with playing their notes. TYPES OF AEROPHONES AFRICAN INSTRUMENTS 1. Mandinka 2. Algaita 3. Nyanga pan pipes 4. Bamboo pipes 5. Kakaki 6. Bugle 

  What is rest in music A rest is a musical notation sign or symbol used to indicate a period of silence in music or in a music piece. Rests are majorly used to indicate a stop or pulse in a piece of music. Every rest symbol and name corresponds with a particular musical note value for length, indicating how long the silence should last. TYPES OF OF REST There are different types of rests and this include the following.

  What is voice? The voice is a natural musical instrument given to us by god. The voice is an instrument because it can  produces a wide variety of pitches and sound.  The  human voice  is the ultimate melodic  instrument , because it is capable of instant expression without  instrument  required to translate thoughts and feelings into  sound . The  voice can only produce sound when air from the lungs vibrates the vocal chords in the throat. TYPES OF VOICE OF VOICE 1. Soprano 2. Mezzo soprano 3. Alto 4. Tenor  5. Baritone 6. Bass

Membranophonic Instruments Membranophone, are the categories of African of musical instruments in which a stretched membrane vibrated to produce  sound . Membranophones are made of wood and animal skin. Membranophone includes all kinds of drums.  Djembe Talking drum (Gangan)                                                                                                                                    Iya ilu (Saworo ide) Bata drum Local Conga  Idiophonic Instruments Idiophones  are those of musical instruments in made of a resonant solid material such as wood, metal etc.  Idiophonic instruments produced sound by striking, beating or scrapping their body without the use of strings or membranes.   Examples of ideophones are; slit drum, metal bell, xylophone, shakers, etc. Claves Put Drum Guard  Rattle (Sekere) Slit drum Woodblock   Xylophone

What are African musical instruments? African musical instruments are the instruments produced or made within Africa. These instruments are used in various African communities and beyond and they have different names in various parts of Africa. African musical instruments are also referred to as FOLK , TRADITIONAL or LOCAL instruments.  TYPES OF AFRICAN MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS There are different types of African musical instruments. they include the following; 1. Rattles. 2. Metal bells.  3. clappers. 4. Pot drums. 5. Thumb piano. 6. Slit wood drum. 7. Xylophone. 8. Kora. 9. Talking drum 10. Djembe etc.  MATERIALS USED IN MAKING AFRICAN MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS a. Wood. b. clay. c. Animal skin. d. Metal. etc.  Although most African instruments are made of wood.  CLASSIFICATION OF AFRICAN MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS African Musical Instruments are classified into FOUR major groups and they are as follows: 1. Idiophones 2. Aerophones 3. Chordophones 4. Membranophones

  What is a clef?  A clef us a Latin word which means key in music.  A clef is placed at the beginning of a staff to help determine or identify the letter names of lines and spaces of a staff.   TYPES OF CLEF SIGNS a. Treble clef : The treble clef is also called the G clef . It is placed on the second line of a staff.  b. Bass clef : A bass clef is placed on the fourth line of a staff with two dots in the third and fourth space of the staff. A bass staff is also called the F clef    c. Moveable clef : There are two types of moveable clefs. The alto clef and the tenor clef. These two clef makes use of the same symbols. 

FOUR FAMILIES OF THE ORCHESTRA Western orchestra instruments are divided into four families. They are;  a. String family :  The string section is the largest family of orchestra instruments in the orchestra and they come in four sizes: the violin, which is the smallest, viola, cello, and the biggest instrument is the double bass, sometimes called the contrabass.  These four instruments produce sound when their strings are bowed or plucked. b. Brass family : The brass family comprises of instruments that produce sound when air is blown into them. These instruments are made of Metal or brass. Examples of brass instruments are, Euphonium, trumpet, trombone, tuba etc.    c. Woodwind family : The woodwind are narrow cylinder or pipes, with holes and opening at the top and bottom and a mouthpiece. Wood wind instruments are made of wood and they also produce sound when air is blown into them. Examples of wood wind instruments include clarinet, flute, bassoon, oboe etc.  d. Percussion family :

  COSTUME Costumes are clothes and accessories worn by actors and actresses to portray a particular character during any drama production. Costumes are often one of the things that audience see in a play and have a little idea of the play. It is used to  give additional information about the play to the audience.  Without costumes, a drama production is incomplete.  The person in charge of costume in a drama production is called the costumier .  TYPES OF COSTUME Costumes are divided into two types. They are;  i. Character costume : This is the kind of costume designed based on the roles the character plays in a drama production.  ii. Decorative costume : Decorative costume is a kind of costume designed to get beautiful pictures in a drama presentation.  IMPORTANCE OF COSTUMES IN A DRAMA PRODUCTION a. It is used to give additional information about the play to the audience.  b. It is used to tell the age of the character.  c. costume is used to tell the sex of a character.  d. It is us

What is sound?    Sound is a transmitted disturbance perceived by the ear. Sound is cause by vibration .  SOURCES OF SOUND Natural Source of sound : Natural sources of sounds are sounds produced by nature and not man made. Eg, human voice, thunder sound, rain, wind etc.  Artificial Source of sound :  Artificial sounds are man made sounds. Artificial sounds are produced or made by vibration of two objects.  EXAMPLES OF SOUND MAKING OBJECTS 1. Violin 2. Triangle 3. Woodblock 4. Table 5. Radio 6. Trumpet 7. Clarinet 8. Drum 9. Piano 10. Flute etc.